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Quick Summary
Count positive integers strictly less than n that only contain digits 0 and 1 in base 4.
The problem requires analyzing the base-4 representation of n to efficiently compute the count.
A brute-force approach will fail due to large constraints, necessitating a logarithmic-time digit analysis.
What This Tests
Base conversion and positional number system properties
Combinatorial counting and digit-by-digit traversal
Logical reasoning for strict inequality and early termination
Time complexity optimization beyond linear iteration
Common Patterns
Bit Manipulation
Dynamic Programming
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